OKOJ, Volume 1, No. 1

Anterior dislocations account for nearly 95% of all shoulder dislocations. This typically occurs in athletes who are 25 years old and younger. Males are much more commonly affected than are females .The most common mechanism of injury is a fall onto an outstretched arm. The extremity is typically in an externally rotated and abducted position. The history and physical examination are crucial elements in the treatment of shoulder instability. The diagnosis is usually not subtle if the patient sustains an acute dislocation, but may be much more difficult in overhead athletes who may have subtle subluxation episodes

This article reviews the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of anterior glenohumeral instability, and reviews management options for treating anterior glenohumeral instability, including nonsurgical intervention. The article reviews considerations in surgical management and presents two surgical techniques in depth: open anteroinferior capsular shift and arthroscopic Bankart repair.

Lateral ligament instability of the ankle can be classified as either chronic or acute. Acute ankle sprain is only rarely managed surgically; however, many options exist for surgical management of chronic ankle instability that is not able to be managed by nonsurgical treatment. In addition to coverage of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and nonsurgical management of lateral ligament instability of the ankle, this OKO topic covers, in depth, the following three surgical procedures: Colville anatomic reconstruction, modified Brostrom-Gould procedure, and modified Brostrom-Evans procedure.