Gracilis Free Flap Technique for Elbow Flexion Reconstruction
Background: Brachial Plexus injuries (BPI) can be devastating for patients, often resulting in notable physical, psychological, and socioeconomic distress1. Violent accidents that torque the head away from the shoulder damage the upper brachial plexus roots with varying severity to the lower roots1. Patients suffering pan-plexus injuries typically present with a flail extremity with loss of sensory function and generalized atrophy. Therefore, to improve activities of daily living, the treatment for pan-plexus injuries focuses on restoring antigravity motion of the upper extremity, with elbow flexion being the highest priority muscle group. Nerve transfers are an excellent option; however, this path is not always viable. To this end, free-functioning muscle transfers, especially Gracilis, are a primary reconstructive approach that has shown excellent outcomes in complete BPI lesions.Purpose: In this technique video, we present the exploration of a complex BPI where the creation of a gracilis-free flap is executed for elbow flexion reconstruction. This video provides a comprehensive guide from markings, flap elevation, microsurgical technique, and inset with educational operative pearls at every step.Methods: The anatomy, examination, diagnosis, and treatment options for patients suffering pan-plexus injuries. We present a case of a 30-year-old male with a left pan-plexus injury after a motorcycle accident. The patient exhibited a complete loss of the left upper extremity function and sensation with evident generalized extremity atrophy and a reported pseudomeningocele of the postganglionic segment. Given his clinical picture, he was indicated for brachial plexus exploration with the creation of a lower extremity myocutaneous free flap.Results: The post-operative clinical outcome showed well-healed incisions, and the patient reported doing well without wound dehiscence, drainage, or dehiscence. Furthermore, the patient is expected to progress to volitional control.Conclusion: Gracilis Free Flap Technique is a viable surgical option for elbow flexion reconstruction in patients with pan-plexus injuries. Appropriate patient selection and adherence to post-operative rehabilitation are crucial for optimal outcomes.